What is Zero-Trust Architecture?
A security model that assumes no user, device, or network is inherently trusted, requiring continuous verification for every access request.
Zero trust replaces the traditional "castle and moat" security model where everything inside the network perimeter is trusted.
Core Principles
- Never trust, always verify: Every request is authenticated and authorized
- Least privilege: Users get minimum access needed
- Assume breach: Design as if attackers are already inside
- Micro-segmentation: Break the network into small, isolated zones
Why It Matters
- VPNs create a trusted perimeter — once inside, you have broad access
- Zero trust means even internal users must prove their identity for each resource
- A compromised device or account has limited blast radius
Privacy Implications
- Positive: Better protection against data breaches
- Concern: Requires extensive monitoring and logging of user behavior
- Concern: User activity tracking is necessary for "continuous verification"
Adoption
Google's BeyondCorp was the first major zero-trust implementation. Microsoft, Cloudflare, and Zscaler now offer zero-trust products.
Related Terms
Two-Factor Authentication
A security method requiring two different types of identification to access an account: something you know (password) plus something you have (phone, hardware key) or something you are (biometric). This significantly reduces the risk of unauthorized access even if your password is compromised.
Virtual Private Network
A technology that creates a secure, encrypted connection over a less secure network, such as the public internet. VPNs mask your IP address, encrypt your internet traffic, and can make it appear as though you're browsing from a different location.
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