What is MAC Address?
A unique hardware identifier assigned to every network interface, which can be used to track devices across WiFi networks.
A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a 48-bit identifier burned into your network hardware. Every WiFi adapter, Ethernet port, and Bluetooth chip has one.
Privacy Risk
- WiFi probe requests broadcast your MAC address to nearby access points
- Retailers use MAC tracking to monitor foot traffic in stores
- Your device can be tracked across locations if the MAC is consistent
MAC Randomization
Modern operating systems randomize MAC addresses to counter tracking:
- iOS 14+: Random MAC per network by default
- Android 10+: Random MAC per network by default
- Windows 10+: Optional random hardware addresses
- macOS: Randomizes during WiFi scanning
Limitations
- Some devices still send the real MAC during connection
- Connected devices may reveal their true MAC through other means
- MAC randomization doesn't help once you're authenticated on a network
Related Terms
Browser Fingerprinting
A tracking technique that collects information about your browser, device, and settings to create a unique identifier. Unlike cookies, fingerprints are nearly impossible to delete and can track you across websites without your knowledge or consent.
IPv6 Privacy Extensions
A feature that generates temporary, randomized IPv6 addresses to prevent tracking based on your device's permanent hardware address.
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